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Federalparliamentaryconstitutional monarchy[4]Elizabeth IIJulie Payette. Justin Trudeau. House of Commons. Independence from the United Kingdom. Business Statistics A First Course Sharpe Pdf Printer.

Administrative staff 3,178 Students 19,660 (2015/16) 12,220 (2015/16) 7,440 (2015/16) Location,, Campus Urban/College town 366,444 square metres (36.6444 ha) (excl. Colleges) Athletics Affiliations Website The University of Cambridge (informally Cambridge University) is a in,. Founded in 1209 and granted a by in 1231, Cambridge is the second-oldest university in the and the world's. The university grew out of an association of scholars who left the after a dispute with the townspeople.

The two medieval universities share many common features and are often referred to jointly as '. The history and influence of the University of Cambridge has made it one of the most prestigious universities in the world. Cambridge is formed from a variety of institutions which include and over 100 academic departments organised into six schools., a department of the university, is the world's oldest publishing house and the second-largest university press in the world. The university also operates eight cultural and scientific museums, including the, as well as a. Hold a total of around 15 million books, eight million of which are in, a. In the year ended 31 July 2016, the university had a total income of £1.64 billion, of which £462 million was from research grants and contracts. The central university and colleges have a combined endowment of around £6.3 billion, the outside the United States.

The university is closely linked with the development of the high-tech known as '. It is a member of numerous associations and forms part of the ' of leading English universities and, an. As of September 2017, Cambridge is ranked the world's second best university by, the world's fourth best university by three other ranking tables, and no other institution in the world ranks in the top 10 for as many subjects. The university has educated many, including eminent mathematicians, scientists, politicians, lawyers, philosophers, writers, actors and foreign Heads of State., fifteen and have been affiliated with Cambridge as students, faculty or alumni.

The dining hall at By the late 12th century, the Cambridge region already had a scholarly and ecclesiastical reputation, due to monks from the nearby bishopric church of. However, it was an incident at which is most likely to have formed the establishment of the university: two Oxford scholars were hanged by the town authorities for the death of a woman, without consulting the ecclesiastical authorities, who would normally take precedence (and pardon the scholars) in such a case, but were at that time in conflict with. The University of Oxford went into suspension in protest, and most scholars moved to cities such as,, and.

After the University of Oxford reformed several years later, enough scholars remained in Cambridge to form the nucleus of the new university. In order to claim precedence, it is common for Cambridge to trace its founding to the 1231 charter from granting it the right to discipline its own members ( ius non-trahi extra) and an exemption from some taxes (Oxford would not receive a similar enhancement until 1248). A in 1233 from gave graduates from Cambridge the right to teach 'everywhere in '. After Cambridge was described as a in a letter by in 1290, and confirmed as such in a bull by in 1318, it became common for researchers from other European to visit Cambridge to study or to give lecture courses. Foundation of the colleges [ ].

Chapel The at the University of Cambridge were originally an incidental feature of the system. No college is as old as the university itself.

The colleges were endowed fellowships of scholars. There were also institutions without endowments, called hostels. The hostels were gradually absorbed by the colleges over the centuries, but they have left some indications of their existence, such as the name of Garret Hostel Lane.,, founded, Cambridge's first college, in 1284. Many colleges were founded during the 14th and 15th centuries, but colleges continued to be established until modern times, although there was a gap of 204 years between the founding of in 1596 and that of in 1800. The most recently established college is, built in the late 1970s. However, only achieved full university college status in March 2010, making it the newest full college (it was previously an 'Approved Society' affiliated with the university). In times, many colleges were founded so that their members would for the of the founders, and were often associated with chapels.

A change in the colleges' focus occurred in 1536 with the. King ordered the university to disband its Faculty of Canon Law and to stop teaching '. In response, colleges changed their curricula away from canon law, and towards the, the Bible, and mathematics. Nearly a century later, the university was at the centre of a Protestant schism. Many nobles, intellectuals and even commoners saw the ways of the as being too similar to the Catholic Church and felt that it was used by the Crown to usurp the rightful powers of the counties.

Was the centre of what became the movement. At Cambridge, it was particularly strong at Emmanuel, St Catharine's Hall, Sidney Sussex and. They produced many 'non-conformist' graduates who greatly influenced, by social position or pulpit, the approximately 20,000 Puritans who left for New England and especially the during the decade of the 1630s., Parliamentary commander during the English Civil War and head of the English Commonwealth (1649–1660), attended. Mathematics and mathematical physics [ ].

Was a student of the University was once compulsory for all undergraduates studying for the Bachelor of Arts degree, the main first degree at Cambridge in both arts and sciences. From the time of in the later 17th century until the mid-19th century, the university maintained an especially strong emphasis on, particularly. The exam is known as a.

Students awarded after completing the mathematics Tripos are termed, and the top student among them is the. The is competitive and has helped produce some of the most famous names in British science, including, and.

However, some famous students, such as, disliked the system, feeling that people were too interested in accumulating marks in exams and not interested in the subject itself. Pure mathematics at Cambridge in the 19th century had great achievements but also missed out on substantial developments in French and German mathematics. Pure mathematical research at Cambridge finally reached the highest international standard in the early 20th century, thanks above all to and his collaborator,. In geometry, brought Cambridge into the international mainstream in the 1930s. Although diversified in its research and teaching interests, Cambridge today maintains its strength in mathematics. Cambridge alumni have won six and one for mathematics, while individuals representing Cambridge have won four Fields Medals.

Modern period [ ]. In the snow, with (centre), Chapel (right) and the (left) After the Cambridge University Act formalised the organizational structure of the university, the study of many new subjects was introduced, such as theology, history and.

Resources necessary for new courses in the arts, architecture and were donated by Richard Fitzwilliam of. Between 1896 and 1902, sold part of its land to build the, comprising new scientific laboratories for, and. During the same period, the was erected, including the, which has since moved to the, and other and medicine.

The University of Cambridge began to award PhD degrees in the first third of the 20th century. The first Cambridge PhD in mathematics was awarded in 1924. In the, 13,878 members of the university served and 2,470 were killed. Teaching, and the fees it earned, came almost to a stop and severe financial difficulties followed. As a consequence the university first received systematic state support in 1919, and a appointed in 1920 recommended that the university (but not the colleges) should receive an annual grant. Following the, the university saw a rapid expansion of student numbers and available places; this was partly due to the success and popularity gained by many Cambridge scientists.

Parliamentary representation [ ]. Is one of three existing women's colleges For many years only male students were enrolled into the university. The first colleges for women were (founded by ) in 1869 and in 1872 (founded by and ), followed by in 1885 (founded by as the Cambridge Teaching College for Women), (founded by as ) in 1954, and in 1965. The first women students were examined in 1882 but attempts to make women full members of the university did not succeed until 1948. Women were allowed to study courses, sit examinations, and have their results recorded from 1881; for a brief period after the turn of the twentieth century, this allowed the ' to receive degrees from the. From 1921 women were awarded diplomas which 'conferred the Title of the Degree of Bachelor of Arts'. As they were not 'admitted to the Degree of Bachelor of Arts' they were excluded from the governing of the university.

Since students must belong to a college, and since established colleges remained closed to women, women found admissions restricted to colleges established only for women. Darwin College, the first wholly graduate college of the university, matriculated both men and women students from its inception in 1964 – and elected a mixed fellowship. Of the undergraduate colleges, starting with Churchill, Clare and King's Colleges, the former men's colleges began to admit women between 1972 and 1988. One of the female-only colleges, Girton, also began to admit male students from 1979, but the other female-only colleges did not do likewise. As a result of, ending its ban on male students in 2008, Cambridge is now the only remaining United Kingdom university with female-only colleges (Newnham, Murray Edwards and Lucy Cavendish). In the academic year 2004–5, the university's student sex ratio, including post-graduates, was male 52%: female 48%.

Myths, legends and traditions [ ]. See also: As an institution with such a long history, the university has developed a large number of myths and legends. The vast majority of these are untrue, but have been propagated nonetheless by generations of students and tour guides. A discontinued tradition is that of the, the 'prize' awarded to the student with the lowest passing honours grade in the final examinations of the Mathematical Tripos. The last of these spoons was awarded in 1909 to Cuthbert Lempriere Holthouse, an oarsman of the Lady Margaret Boat Club of. It was over one metre in length and had an oar blade for a handle. It can now be seen outside the Senior Combination Room of St John's.

Since 1908, examination results have been published alphabetically within class rather than in strict order of merit. This made it harder to ascertain who was 'entitled' to the spoon (unless there was only one person in the third class), and so the practice was abandoned.

Each Christmas Eve, BBC radio and television broadcasts sung by the. The radio broadcast has been a national Christmas tradition since it was first transmitted in 1928 (though the festival has existed since 1918). The radio broadcast is carried worldwide by the and is also syndicated to hundreds of radio stations in the US. The first television broadcast of the festival was in 1954. Locations and buildings [ ] Buildings [ ] The university occupies a central location within the city of, with the students taking up a significant proportion (nearly 20%) of the town's population and heavily affecting the age structure.

Most of the older colleges are situated nearby the city centre and, along which it is traditional to to appreciate the buildings and surroundings. Examples of notable buildings include, the history faculty building designed by; and the Cripps Building.

The of several of the colleges is also notable: contains 'some of the earliest patterned brickwork in the country' and the brick walls of St John's College provide examples of, and. • Addenbrooke's • • Madingley/Girton • • Old Addenbroke's • Old Schools • Silver Street/Mill Lane • • • The university's School of Clinical Medicine is based in where students in medicine undergo their three-year clinical placement period after obtaining their BA degree, while the West Cambridge site is undergoing a major expansion and will host a new sports development. In addition, the, situated on Trumpington Street, provides management education courses since 1990 and is consistently ranked within the top 20 business schools globally by the. Given that the sites are in relative close proximity to each other and the area around Cambridge is reasonably flat, one of the favourite modes of transport for students is the bicycle: a fifth of the journeys in the city are made by bike, a figure enhanced by the fact that students are not permitted to hold car park permits, except under special circumstances. 'Town and Gown' [ ] The relationship between the university and the city has not always been positive. The phrase Town and Gown is employed to differentiate inhabitants of Cambridge from students at the university, who historically wore.

There are many stories of ferocious rivalry between the two categories: in 1381, strong clashes brought about attacks and of university properties while locals contested the privileges granted by the government to the academic staff. Following these events, the Chancellor was given special powers allowing him to prosecute the criminals and re-establish order in the city.

Attempts to reconcile the two groups followed over time, and in the 16th century agreements were signed to improve the quality of streets and student accommodation around the city. However, this was followed by new confrontations when the hit Cambridge in 1630 and colleges refused to help those affected by the disease by locking their sites. Nowadays, these conflicts have somewhat subsided and the university has become an opportunity for employment among the population, providing an increased level of wealth in the area. The enormous growth in the number of,, providers of services and related firms situated near Cambridge has been termed the Cambridge Phenomenon: the addition of 1,500 new, registered companies and as many as 40,000 jobs between 1960 and 2010 has been directly related to the presence and importance of the educational institution.

Organisation and administration [ ]. View over,, and towards Chapel, seen from chapel whereas on the left, just in front of King's College chapel, is the University Cambridge is a, meaning that it is made up of self-governing and independent colleges, each with its own property and income. Most colleges bring together academics and students from a broad range of disciplines, and within each faculty, school or department within the university, academics from many different colleges will be found. The faculties are responsible for ensuring that lectures are given, arranging seminars, performing research and determining the syllabi for teaching, overseen by the General Board. Together with the central administration headed by the, they make up the entire Cambridge University.

Facilities such as libraries are provided on all these levels: by the university (the ), by the Faculties (Faculty libraries such as the Squire Law Library), and by the individual colleges (all of which maintain a multi-discipline library, generally aimed mainly at their undergraduates). Colleges [ ]. The at The colleges are self-governing institutions with their own endowments and property, founded as integral parts of the university. All students and most academics are attached to a college. Their importance lies in the housing, welfare, social functions, and undergraduate teaching they provide.

All faculties, departments, research centres, and laboratories belong to the university, which arranges lectures and awards degrees, but undergraduates receive their supervisions—small-group teaching sessions, often with just one student—within the colleges. Each college appoints its own teaching staff and, who are also members of a university department.

The colleges also decide which undergraduates to admit to the university, in accordance with university regulations. Cambridge has 31 colleges, of which three,, and, admit women only. The other colleges are, though most were originally all-male. Was the first college to admit both men and women, while, Clare, and were the first previously all-male colleges to admit female undergraduates, in 1972. Became the last all-male college to accept women, in 1988. And admit only postgraduates, and,, and admit only (i.e. 21 years or older on date of ) students, encompassing both undergraduate and graduate students.

All other colleges admit both undergraduate and postgraduate students with no age restrictions. Margaret Wileman Building, Colleges are not required to admit students in all subjects, with some colleges choosing not to offer subjects such as architecture, history of art or theology, but most offer close to the complete range.

Some colleges maintain a bias towards certain subjects, for example with Churchill leaning towards the sciences and engineering, while others such as aim for a balanced intake. Others maintain much more informal reputations, such as for the students of King's College to hold left-wing political views, or and 's attempts to minimise their environmental impact. Costs to students (accommodation and food prices) vary considerably from college to college. Similarly, college expenditure on student education also varies widely between individual colleges. There are also several theological colleges in Cambridge, separate from Cambridge University, including, and, that are, to a lesser degree, affiliated to the university and are members of the. The 31 colleges are. • Arts and Humanities • Biological Sciences • Clinical Medicine • Humanities and Social Sciences • Physical Sciences • Technology Teaching and research in Cambridge is organised by faculties.

The faculties have different organisational sub-structures which partly reflect their history and partly their operational needs, which may include a number of departments and other institutions. In addition, a small number of bodies entitled 'Syndicates' have responsibilities for teaching and research, e.g., the, and the. Central administration [ ] Chancellor and Vice-Chancellor [ ]. See also: and The office of of the university, for which there are no term limits, is mainly ceremonial and is held by, following the retirement of the on his 90th birthday in June 2011. Lord Sainsbury was nominated by the official Nomination Board to succeed him, and Abdul Arain, owner of a local grocery store, and were also nominated. The took place on 14 and 15 October 2011.

David Sainsbury won the election taking 2,893 of the 5,888 votes cast, winning on the first count. The current is. While the Chancellor's office is ceremonial, the Vice-Chancellor is the de facto principal administrative officer of the university. The university's internal governance is carried out almost entirely by its own members, with very little external representation on its governing body, the Regent House (though there is external representation on the Audit Committee, and there are four external members on the, who are the only external members of the Regent House). Senate and the Regent House [ ]. The front of The Senate consists of all holders of the degree or higher degrees.

It elects the Chancellor and the High Steward, and elected two members of the until the was abolished in 1950. Prior to 1926, it was the university's governing body, fulfilling the functions that the fulfils today. The Regent House is the university's governing body, a direct democracy comprising all resident senior members of the University and the Colleges, together with the Chancellor, the, the Deputy High Steward, and the Commissary.

The public representatives of the Regent House are the two, elected to serve for one year, on the nomination of the Colleges. Council and the General Board [ ] Although the is the principal executive and policy-making body of the university, it must report and be accountable to the through a variety of checks and balances. It has the right of reporting to the university, and is obliged to advise the Regent House on matters of general concern to the university. It does both of these by causing notices to be published by authority in the, the official journal of the university. Since January 2005, the membership of the Council has included two external members, and the Regent House voted for an increase from two to four in the number of external members in March 2008, and this was approved by Her Majesty the Queen in July 2008. In the snow with Senate House on the right and on the left The General Board of the Faculties is responsible for the academic and educational policy of the university, and is accountable to the Council for its management of these affairs. Faculty Boards are responsible to the General Board; other Boards and Syndicates are responsible either to the General Board (if primarily for academic purposes) or to the Council.

In this way, the various arms of the university are kept under the supervision of the central administration, and thus the Regent House. Finances [ ] Cambridge is by far the wealthiest university in the UK and in the whole of Europe, with an endowment of £5.89 billion in 2014. This is made up of around £2.3 billion tied directly to the university and £3.6 billion to the colleges.

As of 2014, the next wealthiest, the University of Oxford, had an endowment valued at around £4.4 billion. Each college is an independent charitable institution with its own endowment, separate from that of the central university endowment. If ranked on a US university endowment table on most recent figures, Cambridge would rank fifth compared with the eight institutions (subject to market fluctuations) and in the top 10 (excluding aggregated system-wide endowments in Texas). Comparisons between Cambridge's endowment and those of other top US universities are, however, inaccurate because being a partially state-funded public university (although the status of Cambridge as a public university cannot be compared with US or European public universities as, for example, the state does not 'own' the university and its colleges are private institutions), Cambridge receives a major portion of its income through education and research grants from the British Government. In 2006–7, it was reported that approximately one third of Cambridge's income comes from UK government funding for teaching and research, with another third coming from other research grants.

Endowment income contributes around £130 million. The university also receives a significant income in annual transfers from the. Benefactions and fundraising [ ] In 2000, of donated US$210 million through the to endow the for students from outside the UK seeking postgraduate study at Cambridge. In the year ended 31 July 2013 the university had a total income of £1.44 billion, of which £332 million was from research grants and contracts.

Bonds [ ] The University of Cambridge borrowed 350 million pounds by issuing a 40-year security bond in October 2012. Its interest rate is about 0.6 percent higher than a British government 40-year bond. Vice chancellor hailed the success of the issue.

In a 2010 report, the Russell Group of 20 leading universities made a conclusion that higher education could be financed by issuing bonds. Affiliations and memberships [ ] Cambridge is a member of the of research-led, the, the, and the, and forms part of the ' of highly research intensive and elite southern English universities. It is also closely linked with the development of the high-tech business cluster known as ', and as part of the, an.

Academic profile [ ] Admissions [ ] UCAS Admission Statistics 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 Applications 16,795 16,505 16,970 16,330 15,795 Offer Rate (%) 33.8 33.5 32.5 32.2 33.6 Enrols 3,440 3,430 3,425 3,355 3,400 60.6 62.0 62.1 63.8 64.1 Applicant/Enrolled Ratio 4.88 4.81 4.95 4.87 4.65 n/a 592 600 601 614. Of, dating back to the 17th Century Procedure [ ] Undergraduate applications to Cambridge must be made through in time for the early deadline, currently mid-October in the year before starting. Until the 1980s candidates for all subjects were required to sit special entrance examinations, since replaced by additional tests for some subjects, such as the Thinking Skills Assessment and the Cambridge Law Test. The university is considering reintroducing an admissions exam for all subjects with effect from 2016. The university gives offers of admission to 33.5% of its applicants, the 2nd lowest amongst the.

The acceptance rate for students in the 2014–2015 cycle was 21.0%. Most applicants who are called for interview will have been predicted at least three A-grade qualifications relevant to their chosen undergraduate course, or the equivalent in other qualifications, such as getting at least 7,7,6 for higher-level subjects. The A* A-level grade (introduced in 2010) now plays a part in the acceptance of applications, with the university's standard offer for most courses being set at A*AA, with A*A*A for sciences courses. Due to a very high proportion of applicants receiving the highest school grades, the interview process is crucial for distinguishing between the most able candidates.

The interview is performed by College Fellows, who evaluate candidates on unexamined factors such as potential for original thinking and creativity. For exceptional candidates, a Matriculation Offer is sometimes offered, requiring only two A-levels at grade E or above. In 2006, 5,228 students who were rejected went on to get 3 A levels or more at grade A, representing about 63% of all applicants rejected. Strong applicants who are not successful at their chosen college may be placed in the, where they can be offered places by other colleges. This is in order to maintain consistency throughout the colleges, some of which receive more applicants than others. Graduate admission is first decided by the faculty or department relating to the applicant's subject. This effectively guarantees admission to a college—though not necessarily the applicant's preferred choice.

Percentage of state-school students at Oxford and Cambridge Public debate in the United Kingdom continues over whether admissions processes at Oxford and Cambridge are entirely merit based and fair; whether enough students from are encouraged to apply to Cambridge; and whether these students succeed in gaining entry. In 2007–08, 57% of all successful applicants were from (roughly 93 percent of all students in the UK attend state schools). Critics have argued that the lack of state school applicants with the required grades applying to Cambridge and Oxford has had a negative impact on 's reputation for many years, and the university has encouraged pupils from state schools to apply for Cambridge to help redress the imbalance. Others counter that government pressure to increase state school admissions constitutes inappropriate. The proportion of undergraduates drawn from independent schools has dropped over the years, and such applicants now form a (very large) minority (43%) of the intake.

In 2005, 32% of the 3599 applicants from independent schools were admitted to Cambridge, as opposed to 24% of the 6674 applications from state schools. In 2008 the University of Cambridge received a gift of £4m to improve its accessibility to candidates from maintained schools. Cambridge, together with Oxford and, is among those universities that have adopted formulae that gives a rating to the performance of every school in the country to 'weight' the scores of university applicants. [ ] With the release of admissions figures, a 2013 article in reported that ethnic minority candidates had lower success rates in individual subjects even when they had the same grades as white applicants.

The university was hence criticised for what was seen as institutional discrimination against ethnic minority applicants in favour of white applicants. The university denied the claims of institutional discrimination by stating the figures did not take into account 'other variables'. A following article stated that in the years 2010–2012 ethnic minority applicants to medicine with 3 A* grades or higher were 20% less likely to gain admission than white applicants with similar grades. The University refused to provide figures for a wider range of subjects claiming it would be too costly. Teaching [ ]. Results for the are read out inside and then tossed from the balcony The academic year is divided into three academic terms, determined by the Statutes of the University.

Lasts from October to December; from January to March; and from April to June. Within these terms undergraduate teaching takes place within eight-week periods called. According to the university statutes, it is a requirement that during this period all students should live within 3 miles of the; this is defined as Keeping term. Students can graduate only if they fulfill this condition for nine terms (three years) when obtaining a Bachelor of Arts or twelve terms (four years) when studying for a of Science, Engineering or Mathematics.

These terms are shorter than those of many other British universities. Undergraduates are also expected to prepare heavily in the three holidays (known as the Christmas, Easter and Long Vacations). Involve a mixture of lectures (organised by the university departments), and (organised by the colleges).

Science subjects also involve laboratory sessions, organised by the departments. The relative importance of these methods of teaching varies according to the needs of the subject. Supervisions are typically weekly hour-long sessions in which small groups of students (usually between one and three) meet with a member of the teaching staff or with a doctoral student. Students are normally required to complete an assignment in advance of the supervision, which they will discuss with the supervisor during the session, along with any concerns or difficulties they have had with the material presented in that week's lectures.

The assignment is often an essay on a subject set by the supervisor, or a problem sheet set by the lecturer. Depending on the subject and college, students might receive between one and four supervisions per week.

This is often cited as being unique to Oxford (where 'supervisions' are known as ') and Cambridge. A tutor named developed the concept of grading students' work quantitatively at the University of Cambridge in 1792. Research [ ]. See also: The University of Cambridge has research departments and teaching faculties in most academic disciplines. All research and lectures are conducted by university departments. The colleges are in charge of giving or arranging most supervisions, student accommodation, and funding most extracurricular activities. During the 1990s Cambridge added a substantial number of new specialist research laboratories on several sites around the city, and major expansion continues on a number of sites.

Cambridge also has a research partnership with in the United States: the. Graduation [ ]. Graduands enter the at a graduation ceremony At the University of Cambridge, each graduation is a separate act of the university's governing body, the, and must be voted on as with any other act. A formal meeting of the Regent House, known as a, is held for this purpose. This is the common last act at which all the different university procedures (for: undergraduate and graduate students; and the different degrees) land.

After degrees are approved, to have them conferred candidates must ask to their Colleges to be presented during a Congregation. This happened until the 2006, when, for the first time, a Graduate Student (Dr Luca Epis) refused the degree approved by the Board of Graduate Studies, creating a 'leading case' on the matter. University officials leading the graduands into the Senate House Graduates receiving an undergraduate degree wear the that they were entitled to before graduating: for example, most students becoming Bachelors of Arts wear undergraduate gowns and not BA gowns. Graduates receiving a postgraduate degree (e.g. PhD or Master's) wear the academic dress that they were entitled to before graduating, only if their first degree was also from the University of Cambridge; if their first degree is from another university, they wear the academic dress of the degree that they are about to receive, the BA gown without the strings if they are under 24 years of age, or the MA gown without strings if they are 24 and over. Graduates are presented in the Senate House college by college, in order of foundation or recognition by the university, except for the royal colleges. Gown, University of Cambridge During the congregation, graduands are brought forth by the of their college, who takes them by the right hand, and presents them to the vice-chancellor for the degree they are about to take.

The Praelector presents graduands with the following statement (the following forms were used when the vice-chancellor was female), substituting '____' with the name of the degree: ' Dignissima domina, Domina Procancellaria et tota Academia praesento vobis hunc virum quem scio tam moribus quam doctrina esse idoneum ad gradum assequendum _____; idque tibi fide mea praesto totique Academiae. (Most worthy Vice-Chancellor and the whole University, I present to you this man whom I know to be suitable as much by character as by learning to proceed to the degree of ____; for which I pledge my faith to you and to the whole University.)' and female graduands with the following: ' Dignissima domina, Domina Procancellaria et tota Academia praesento vobis hanc mulierem quam scio tam moribus quam doctrina esse idoneam ad gradum assequendum ____; idque tibi fide mea praesto totique Academiae. The The university has. The is the central research library, which holds over 8 million volumes. It is a library, therefore it is entitled to request a free copy of every book published in the UK and Ireland. In addition to the University Library and its dependents, almost every faculty or department has a specialised library; for example, the History Faculty's possesses more than 100,000 books.

Furthermore, every college has a library as well, partially for the purposes of undergraduate teaching, and the older colleges often possess many early books and manuscripts in a separate library. For example, has more than 200,000 books printed before 1800, while possesses one of the greatest collections of medieval manuscripts in the world, with over 600 manuscripts. Cambridge University operates eight arts, cultural, and scientific museums, and a botanic garden. The, is the art and antiquities museum, the is a contemporary art gallery, the houses the university's collections of local antiquities, together with archaeological and ethnographic artefacts from around the world, the houses a wide range of zoological specimens from around the world and is known for its iconic skeleton that hangs outside. This Museum also has specimens collected. Other museums include, the, the, the which is the geology museum of the university, the, part of the which is dedicated to and his men, and focuses on the exploration of the Polar Regions.

The is the botanic garden of the university, created in 1831. Publishing and assessments [ ] The university's publishing arm, the, is the oldest printer and publisher in the world, and it is the second largest university press in the world. The university set up its Local Examination Syndicate in 1858. Today, the syndicate, which is known as, is Europe's largest assessment agency and it plays a leading role in researching, developing and delivering assessments across the globe. Reputation and rankings [ ] (2017, national) 1 (2017, world) 3 (2018, national) 1 (2018, world) 5 (2018, national) 2 (2018, world) 2 (2018, national) 1 (2018, national) 1 (2018, national) 1 Gold has recognised Cambridge as one of the world's 'six super brands' on its World Reputation Rankings, along with,,, and. As of September 2017, Cambridge is recognised as the world's second best university.

According to the 2016 Complete University Guide, the University of Cambridge is ranked first amongst the UK’s universities; this ranking is based on a broad raft of criteria from entry standards and student satisfaction to quality of teaching in specific subjects and job prospects for graduates. The University is ranked as the 2nd best university in the UK for the quality of graduates according to recruiters from the UK's major companies. In 2014–15, according to University Ranking by Academic Performance (URAP), Cambridge is ranked second in UK (coming second to Oxford) and ranked fifth in the world.

In the 2001 and 2008 Government, Cambridge was ranked first in the country. In 2005, it was reported that Cambridge produces more PhDs per year than any other British university (over 30% more than second placed Oxford). In 2006, a study showed that Cambridge has the highest research paper output of any British university, and is also the top research producer (as assessed by total paper citation count) in 10 out of 21 major British research fields analysed. Another study published the same year by Evidence showed that Cambridge won a larger proportion (6.6%) of total British research grants and contracts than any other university (coming first in three out of four broad discipline fields). The university is also closely linked with the development of the high-tech in and around Cambridge, which forms the area known as or sometimes the 'Cambridge Phenomenon'.

In 2004, it was reported that Silicon Fen was the second largest market in the world, after. Estimates reported in February 2006 suggest that there were about 250 active directly linked with the university, worth around US$6 billion. Cambridge has been highly ranked by most and league tables. In particular, it had topped the QS World University Rankings from 2010/11 to 2011/12. A 2006 overall ranking, which combined elements of the THES-QS and ARWU rankings with other factors that purportedly evaluated an institution's global 'openness and diversity', suggested Cambridge was sixth around the globe. In The Guardian newspaper's 2012 rankings, Cambridge had overtaken Oxford in philosophy, law, politics, theology, maths, classics, anthropology and modern languages. In the 2009 Times Good University Guide Subject Rankings, it was ranked top (or joint top) in 34 out of the 42 subjects which it offers.

But Cambridge has been ranked only 30th in the world and 3rd in the UK by the based on the number of alumni holding CEO position in companies. Student life [ ]. Main article: The Cambridge University Students' Union (CUSU) serves to represent all the students within the University which automatically become members upon arrival. It was founded in 1964 as the Students' Representative Council (SRC); the six most important positions in the Union are occupied. However, turnout in recent elections has been low, with the 2014/15 president elected with votes in favour from only 7.5% of the whole student body.

Sport [ ] is a particularly popular sport at Cambridge, and there are competitions between colleges, notably the, and against Oxford, the. There are also against Oxford in many other sports, ranging from and, to and. Athletes representing the university in certain sports are entitled to apply for a at the discretion of the Blues Committee, consisting of the captains of the thirteen most prestigious sports. There is also the self-described 'unashamedly elite', which is for men only, whose membership is usually restricted to Cambridge Full Blues and Half Blues. The Ospreys are the equivalent female club.

The opened in August 2013. Phase 1 included a 37x34m Sports Hall, a Fitness Suite, a Strength and Conditioning Room, a Multi-Purpose Room and and courts. Phase 1b included 5 glass backed courts and a Team Training Room.

Future phases include indoor and outdoor tennis courts and a swimming pool. The university also has an at Wilberforce Road, an Indoor Cricket School and Cricket Ground. See also: and Numerous student-run societies exist in order to encourage people who share a common passion or interest to periodically meet or discuss. As of 2010, there were 751 registered societies. In addition to these, individual colleges often promote their own societies and sports teams. Although technically independent from the university, serves as a focus for debating and public speaking, as the oldest free speech society in the world, and the largest in Cambridge.

Drama societies notably include the and the comedy club, which are known for producing well-known show-business personalities. The Cambridge University explores a range of programmes, from popular symphonies to lesser known works; membership of the orchestra is composed of students of the university. Newspapers and radio [ ] The largest, and only independent, student newspaper is. Established in 1947, notable figures to have edited the paper include, BBC media editor, and Vogue international editor. It has also featured the early writings of (who appeared in Varsity’s literary anthology off-shoot, ),,, and.

With a print run of 9,000, Varsity is the only student paper to go to print on a weekly basis. News stories from the paper have recently appeared The Guardian, The Times, The Sunday Times, The Daily Telegraph, The Independent, and The i. Other student publications include, which is funded by Cambridge University Students’ Union and goes to print on a fortnightly basis, and. Founded by two Cambridge students in 2009, The Tab is online-only (apart from one print edition in Freshers’ Week), and mostly features light-hearted features content. Is a literary anthology made up of student prose, poetry, and visual art from both Cambridge and Oxford. Founded in 1992 by three Cambridge students, the anthology goes to print on an annual basis.

It is overseen by Varsity Publications Ltd, the same body that is responsible for Varsity, the newspaper. There are many other journals, magazines, and zines. Another literary journal, Notes, is published roughly two times per term. Many colleges also have their own publications run by students.

The student radio station,, is run together with students from Anglia Ruskin university. One of few student radio stations to have an FM license (frequency 97.2 MHz), the station hosts a mixture of music, talk, and sports shows. JCR and MCR [ ] In addition to university-wide representation, students can benefit from their own college student unions, which are known as JCR ( ) for undergraduates and MCR ( Middle Combination Room) for postgraduates. These serve as a link between college staff and members and consists of officers elected annually between the fellow students; individual JCR and MCRs also report to CUSU, which offers training courses for some of the most delicate positions within the body. Formal Halls and May Balls [ ] One privilege of student life at Cambridge is the opportunity to attend formal dinners at college. These are called and occur regularly during term time.

Students sit down for a meal in their, while eat separately at High Table: the beginning and end of the function is usually marked with a grace. Special formal halls are organised for events such as Christmas and the Commemoration of Benefactors. After the exam period, is held and it is customary to celebrate by attending. These are all-night long lavish parties held in the colleges where food and drinks are served and entertainment is provided. Argues that some of the larger May Balls are among the best private parties in the world. Suicide Sunday, the first day of May Week, is a popular date for organising. See also:,,, and Over the course of its history, a sizeable number of Cambridge University academics and alumni have become notable in their fields, both academic and in the wider world.

Depending on criteria, affiliates of the University of Cambridge have won 90. Former undergraduates of the university have won a grand total of 61 Nobel prizes, 13 more than the undergraduates of any other university. Cambridge academics have also won 8 and 2, since the Abel award was first distributed in 2003. Mathematics and sciences [ ]. Perhaps most of all, the university is renowned for a long and distinguished tradition in mathematics and the sciences. Among the most famous of Cambridge natural philosophers is, who spent the majority of his life at the university and conducted many of his now famous experiments within the grounds of Trinity College., responsible for the development of the, entered the university when he was just twelve, and pioneering mathematicians and soon followed.

Other ground-breaking mathematicians to have studied at the university include,, and, four of the most renowned in modern history;, one of the most important mathematicians of the last half-century;, founder of and a;, the inventor of the;, first to state the law of acceleration;, the self-taught genius who made incomparable contributions to,, and; and, perhaps most importantly of all,, who is considered to have brought about the second great unification of physics (the first being accredited to Newton) with his classical. Mathematician gained worldwide media coverage in 1890 as the person with the highest score in the Cambridge Mathematical Tripos exams, but as a woman, was unable to take the title of 'Senior Wrangler'. —whose family was also benefactor of In biology,, famous for developing the theory of, was an alumnus of, though his education at the university was intended to allow him to become a clergyman. Subsequent Cambridge biologists include and, who worked out a model for the three-dimensional structure of whilst working at the university's; fellow Cambridge graduates and especially produced key X-ray crystallography data, which was shared with Watson by Wilkins. Wilkins went on to help verify the proposed structure and win the Nobel Prize with Watson and Crick. Despite Cambridge's delay in admitting women to full degrees, Cambridge women were at the heart of scientific research throughout the 20th century.

Pioneering biochemist studied at Cambridge, as did plant physiologist, social anthropologist. Psycho-analyst, who with her husband translated the works of, studied at Newnham College. Kavli Prize-winner, co-discovery of specialized brain networks for memory and cognition, was also a graduate of Newnham College. Veterinary epidemiologist has worked to eliminate in the.

More recently,, the man who was responsible for the first cloning of a mammal with in 1996, was a graduate student at Darwin College. Famous naturalist and broadcaster graduated from the university, while the ethologist, the world's foremost expert on chimpanzees did a PhD in Ethology at Darwin College. Anthropologist, former vice-chancellor of the university, is also a Newnham College graduate. The university can be considered the birthplace of the computer, with mathematician having designed the world's first computing system as early as the mid-1800s. Went on to devise what is essentially the basis for modern computing and later created the first programmable computer. Theoretical physicist Astronomers and both spent much of their careers at Cambridge, as did, the discoverer of and one of the pioneers of;, the founding father of the study of and the university's long-serving until 2009; and, the current and Master of Trinity College., also a Cambridge mathematician prior to his entrance into the, was and received the for his work reconciling science and religion.

Other significant Cambridge scientists include, the discoverer of;, co-inventor of the jet engine;, who formulated the original;, who invented the camera,, Einstein's major opponent;, the man dubbed 'the father of radio science';, one of the most pre-eminent physicists of the 20th century;, who first proposed a Theory; and, the last man to win two Nobel prizes. Humanities, music and art [ ] In the humanities, Greek studies were inaugurated at Cambridge in the early sixteenth century by during the few years he held a professorship there; seminal contributions to the field were made by and. Was associated with in the decipherment of. The eminent Latinist taught at Cambridge but is more widely known as a poet. Made a significant contribution to.

Philosopher Distinguished Cambridge academics in other fields include economists such as,,,,,, and, a former Master of Trinity College. Philosophers,,,,,,,, and were all Cambridge scholars, as were historians such as,,,,,,,, and, and famous lawyers such as,, and. English playwright Important writers to have studied at the university include the prominent Elizabethan dramatist at, his fellow University Wits and, arguably the first professional authors in England, and, who collaborated with Shakespeare on, and the lost and succeeded him as house playwright of. Matriculated in 1650, ten years before he began his, the original manuscripts of which are now housed in the at Magdalene College., whose novel is judged to have inspired many modern narrative devices and styles, was admitted in 1733.

In the following century, the novelists, best known for,, author of and, and, remembered for and, were all at Cambridge. Ghost story writer served as provost of King's College from 1905 to 1918. Novelist was the first Jewish woman to attend the university. Modernist writers to have attended the university include,,, and. Although not a student, wrote her essay while in residence at Newnham College. Playwright, physicist and novelist and children's writer were also among those who passed through the university in the early 20th century.

They were followed by the postmodernists,, and the early postcolonial writer. More recently, the university has educated the comedy writers, and, the popular novelists,,,, and, the successful action writers, and, and contemporary playwrights and screenwriters such as,, and. English poet Cambridge poets include, author of, the Metaphysical poets, and,, renowned for his late epic, the leading Restoration poet and playwright, the pre-romantic, best known his, and, whose joint work is often seen to mark the beginning of the, later Romantics such as and the postromantic, classical scholar and lyric poet, war poets and, modernist, confessional poets, and, and, more recently,,, and. In all, at least nine of the Poets Laureate graduated from Cambridge. The university has also made a notable contribution to Literary Criticism, having produced, among others,,, and, often collectively known as the, the important Marxists, sometimes regarded as the founding father of, and, author of Literary Theory: An Introduction, the most successful academic book ever published, the Aesthetician, the New Historicist, and an extensive group of distinguished biographical writers such as, a central figure in the largely Cantabridgian, and. English actor Actors and directors such as,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, and all studied at the university, as did recently acclaimed directors such as,,,, and.

Sports [ ] Athletes who are university graduates include more than 123; they won a total of 170 medals, including 80 gold. The legendary Chinese six-time world table tennis champion; the sprinter and athletics hero; the inventors of the modern game of football,; and, the famed mountaineer all attended Cambridge., who graduated from with a software engineering degree, was a professional football player who played for Ipswich, Watford, QPR and MK Dons. Cambridge also has a strong reputation in the fields of politics and governance, having educated: [ ] • 15, including, considered to be the first Prime Minister of Great Britain. • At least 30 foreign Heads of State/Government, including Presidents of India, Ireland, Zambia, South Korea, Uganda and Trinidad and Tobago; along with Prime Ministers of India, Burma, Pakistan, South Africa, New Zealand, Poland, Australia, France, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Malta, Thailand, Malaysia, and Jordan.

• At least 9 monarchs, including,, King, Queen and. The university has also educated and a large number of other royals. • 3 Signatories of the. [ ] •, (1653–58).

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External links [ ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to. Has the text of an 1879 article about. • • • • —a zoomable map linking to all the University departments and colleges.