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Methods We conducted a randomized trial involving 2341 patients at high risk for cardiovascular events who had LDL cholesterol levels of 70 mg per deciliter (1.8 mmol per liter) or more and were receiving treatment with statins at the maximum tolerated dose (the highest dose associated with an acceptable side-effect profile), with or without other lipid-lowering therapy. Patients were randomly assigned in a 2:1 ratio to receive alirocumab (150 mg) or placebo as a 1-ml subcutaneous injection every 2 weeks for 78 weeks. The primary efficacy end point was the percentage change in calculated LDL cholesterol level from baseline to week 24. Results At week 24, the difference between the alirocumab and placebo groups in the mean percentage change from baseline in calculated LDL cholesterol level was −62 percentage points (P. Figure 1 Randomization and Treatment.

The intention-to-treat population included all randomly assigned patients who had both a baseline calculated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol value and at least one calculated LDL cholesterol value during one of the analysis windows up to week 24. The three patients in the alirocumab group who underwent randomization but did not receive treatment are included in the intention-to-treat population. Completion of the study was defined, as per the electronic case-report form, in the following way: the last study-drug injection was received (week 76), and the end-of-treatment visit (week 78) occurred within 21 days after the last injection and at least 525 days after randomization. Figure 2 Calculated LDL Cholesterol Levels over Time (Intention-to-Treat Analysis).

Calculated LDL cholesterol levels are shown in milligrams per deciliter (left axis) and millimoles per liter (right axis). Values above the data points indicate least-squares mean absolute LDL cholesterol levels, and values below the data points indicate least-squares mean percentage changes from baseline. Values below the chart indicate the number of patients with LDL cholesterol values available for the intention-to-treat analysis at each time point; these include levels measured while the study drug was being taken and, in the case of patients who discontinued the study drug but returned to the clinic for assessments, after the study drug was discontinued. Missing data were accounted for with the use of a mixed-effects model with repeated measures. For statin therapy, the maximum tolerated dose was the highest dose associated with an acceptable side-effect profile. LLT denotes lipid-lowering therapy.

Monoclonal antibodies to proprotein convertase subtilisin–kexin type 9 (PCSK9) have been shown to reduce low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels in patients who are being treated with statins. In phase 2 studies lasting 8 to 12 weeks, the PCSK9 inhibitor alirocumab lowered LDL cholesterol levels by 40 to 70% when added to background statin therapy. However, this new treatment needs to be evaluated in larger populations for longer periods of follow-up to establish its safety and efficacy. We conducted a 78-week trial comparing alirocumab (150 mg every 2 weeks) with placebo in 2341 patients at high risk for cardiovascular events who were receiving treatment with statins at the maximum tolerated dose (the highest dose associated with an acceptable side-effect profile), with or without other lipid-lowering therapy.

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The trial, which was entitled Long-term Safety and Tolerability of Alirocumab in High Cardiovascular Risk Patients with Hypercholesterolemia Not Adequately Controlled with Their Lipid Modifying Therapy (ODYSSEY LONG TERM), was designed to obtain longer-term data on safety and reduction in LDL cholesterol levels. We also collected data on prespecified adjudicated cardiovascular outcomes and performed a post hoc analysis of the composite end point of major adverse cardiovascular events. Study Design and Oversight The ODYSSEY LONG TERM trial was a phase 3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, multinational study, which was conducted at 320 sites in 27 countries throughout Africa, Europe, and North and South America. The study was funded by Sanofi and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals.

The sponsors and the steering committee designed the trial, which is available with the full text of this article at NEJM.org. The protocol was approved by the institutional review board at each participating center. The sponsors collected, managed, and analyzed the data under the supervision of the steering committee.

The first draft of the manuscript was prepared by the first author and was thereafter critically reviewed and revised by all the authors. The sponsors provided comments on an early draft. Editorial assistance was provided by Prime Medica, funded by Sanofi and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals. The academic authors had unrestricted access to the data and vouch for the accuracy and completeness of the data and all analyses, as well as for the fidelity of this report to the trial protocol. Study Population Adult patients (≥18 years of age) with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (as determined by genotyping or clinical criteria) or with established coronary heart disease or a coronary heart disease risk equivalent (as defined in Table 1 Baseline Characteristics of All Randomly Assigned Patients. ) were eligible for inclusion if they had an LDL cholesterol level of 70 mg per deciliter (1.8 mmol per liter) or more at the time of screening. All patients were required to be receiving either high-dose statin therapy (as defined in ) or statin therapy at the maximum tolerated dose, with or without other lipid-lowering therapy, for at least 4 weeks before screening (6 weeks for fenofibrate); this lipid-lowering regimen was continued throughout the study.

Full eligibility criteria are listed in the, available at NEJM.org. All participants provided written informed consent. Study Procedures After a 3-week screening period, eligible patients were randomly assigned, in a 2:1 ratio, to receive alirocumab (150 mg) or placebo, in a double-blind fashion, every 2 weeks for 78 weeks (in addition to their statin therapy, with or without other lipid-lowering therapy; see Fig.

Both alirocumab and placebo were administered as a single 1-ml subcutaneous injection, which was provided in a prefilled syringe. All patients were instructed to follow a stable Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes diet, as outlined by the Adult Treatment Panel III of the National Cholesterol Education Program, or an equivalent diet for the duration of the study.

Patients were to return to the study site during the double-blind study period at weeks 0 (baseline), 4, 8, 12, 16, 24, 36, 52, 64, and 78, and again 8 weeks after the end of the double-blind period (i.e., at week 86) for a safety assessment. Further details on randomization, assessment of adherence and exposure to the study drug, and laboratory assessments are provided in the. End Points The primary efficacy end point was the percentage change in calculated LDL cholesterol level from baseline to week 24, analyzed with the use of an intention-to-treat approach. Secondary end points included the percentage change in LDL cholesterol level while the study drug was being taken, as well as other lipoprotein variables at weeks 12 and 24 in both the intention-to-treat analysis and the analysis that included only patients who were receiving the study drug. All the efficacy end points are listed in the. Safety end points were adverse events, including symptoms, laboratory abnormalities, vital-sign abnormalities, electrocardiographic abnormalities, and adjudicated cardiovascular events, that occurred after the first injection and up to 10 weeks after the last injection.

Adverse events are reported as the number of patients having an event in each category, classified according to the Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA). The safety of patients with an LDL cholesterol level of less than 25 mg per deciliter (0.6 mmol per liter) at two consecutive measurements was specifically monitored by a dedicated member of the data and safety monitoring committee and an independent physician (see the for details). We performed a post hoc analysis that compared the rate of positively adjudicated major adverse cardiovascular events between the two study groups, using the composite end point of death from coronary heart disease, nonfatal myocardial infarction, fatal or nonfatal ischemic stroke, or unstable angina requiring hospitalization. This composite end point was selected because it is the primary end point of the ongoing Study to Evaluate the Effect of Alirocumab on the Occurrence of Cardiovascular Events in Patients Who Have Experienced an Acute Coronary Syndrome (ODYSSEY OUTCOMES). The prespecified definitions of cardiovascular events are provided in the. Statistical Analysis For the safety assessment, we estimated that a sample of 2100 patients (1400 patients treated with alirocumab and 700 with placebo) would include at least 1000 patients exposed to alirocumab for a minimum of 12 months and approximately 900 patients exposed to alirocumab for 18 months at the study end (assuming dropout rates of 25% and 35% at 12 and 18 months, respectively).

This sample size would allow detection of adverse events with a rate of 0.2% or more in the alirocumab group with 95% confidence. The intention-to-treat analysis that was used for the evaluation of the primary end point included all LDL cholesterol values that were collected, regardless of whether they were obtained while the patient was receiving the study drug or after the study drug was discontinued, up to week 24. We accounted for missing data by using a mixed-effects model for repeated measures.

Patients who discontinued the study drug prematurely were asked to return for further clinic visits and assessments until the scheduled final visit. The assessment of continuous secondary efficacy end points was similar to the assessment of the primary efficacy end point, except in the case of the end points of lipoprotein(a) and triglyceride levels (which were analyzed with the use of multiple imputation, followed by robust regression), and the end point of reaching LDL cholesterol goals (which was analyzed with the use of multiple imputation, followed by logistic regression). A Cox proportional-hazards model was used in the post hoc analysis to compare rates of major adverse cardiovascular events between the two study groups.

The safety population included all randomly assigned patients who received at least one dose or part of a dose of a study drug. Safety data were analyzed descriptively. Patient Characteristics and Follow-up A total of 2341 patients were enrolled in the trial, of whom 1553 were assigned to alirocumab and 788 to placebo ( Figure 1 Randomization and Treatment.

The intention-to-treat population included all randomly assigned patients who had both a baseline calculated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol value and at least one calculated LDL cholesterol value during one of the analysis windows up to week 24. The three patients in the alirocumab group who underwent randomization but did not receive treatment are included in the intention-to-treat population. Completion of the study was defined, as per the electronic case-report form, in the following way: the last study-drug injection was received (week 76), and the end-of-treatment visit (week 78) occurred within 21 days after the last injection and at least 525 days after randomization. Demographic characteristics and clinical history were well balanced between the two study groups ( ). The mean age of the study participants was 60 years, and 37.8% were women. A total of 68.9% of the patients had a history of coronary heart disease, and 17.7% had heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. All but 2 patients overall were receiving a statin, and 46.8% of the patients were receiving high-dose statin therapy; 28.1% were also receiving other lipid-lowering therapy.

The mean calculated LDL cholesterol level at baseline was 122 mg per deciliter (3.2 mmol per liter). The mean study-drug exposure among the 2338 patients included in the safety analysis (1550 in the alirocumab group and 788 in the placebo group) was 70 weeks ( ), providing 2061 patient-years of exposure to alirocumab at a dose of 150 mg every 2 weeks. Sleep Easy Solution Ebooking. The mean rate of adherence to the study drug (i.e., the percentage of days that patients received their injections as per the planned dosing schedule) was 98.0% and 97.6% in the alirocumab group and the placebo group, respectively.

The mean duration of follow-up (regardless of adherence to the study drug) in the safety population was 80.9 weeks in the alirocumab group and 80.1 weeks in the placebo group. The rate of study-drug discontinuation was 28.2% in the alirocumab group and 24.5% in the placebo group. A total of 98.7% of the patients met the criteria for the intention-to-treat population and thus were included in the primary efficacy analysis. At week 24, a total of 144 patients (9.4%) in the alirocumab group and 72 patients (9.2%) in the placebo group had missing LDL cholesterol values (Table S1 in the ).

These missing values were accounted for with the use of the mixed-effects model for repeated measures. Efficacy The mean percentage change in calculated LDL cholesterol level from baseline to week 24 was −61.0% with alirocumab versus 0.8% with placebo, for a difference of −61.9 percentage points (P. Safety The percentage of patients with any adverse event was similar in the two study groups (81.0% with alirocumab and 82.5% with placebo) ( Table 3 Adverse Events of Interest and Laboratory Values: Safety Analysis.

Adverse events leading to study-drug discontinuation occurred in 7.2% of the patients who received alirocumab and 5.8% of the patients who received placebo. With regard to specific adverse events, the alirocumab group had higher rates than the placebo group of injection-site reactions (5.9% vs. 4.2%), myalgia (5.4% vs. 2.9%), neurocognitive events (1.2% vs. 0.5%), and ophthalmologic events (2.9% vs. 1.9%) (, and Table S5 in the ).

Neurocognitive events included amnesia, memory impairment, and confusional state (, and Table S6 in the ). No cases of hemolytic anemia were reported.

Rare and sometimes serious cases of neurologic and general allergic events were reported in both study groups (Table S7 in the ). Among patients without a medical history of diabetes at baseline, 1.8% of the patients who received alirocumab and 2.0% of the patients who received placebo had at least one adverse event identified by the custom MedDRA query “diabetes” (which identified a set of adverse events selected by the study sponsors as being related to newly diagnosed diabetes or worsening of preexisting diabetes; see the ) ( ). Abnormal levels of aminotransferases or creatine kinase were uncommon and occurred at similar rates in the two study groups ( ). Among the patients who received alirocumab, 575 (37.1%) had a calculated LDL cholesterol level of less than 25 mg per deciliter at two consecutive measurements. Rates of adverse events among these patients were similar to those among the overall alirocumab group (Table S5 in the ). A greater number of patients in the alirocumab group than in the placebo group had a level of vitamin E or vitamin K that was below the lower limit of the normal range after baseline; however, there were no clinically meaningful changes.

No clinically meaningful effect was observed with respect to changes in levels of other fat-soluble vitamins or cortisol (Table S8 in the ). Cardiovascular Events Positively adjudicated cardiovascular adverse events occurred in 4.6% of the patients in the alirocumab group and in 5.1% of the patients in the placebo group ( ). In a post hoc analysis that evaluated the prespecified primary end point in the ongoing ODYSSEY OUTCOMES trial (major adverse cardiovascular events: a composite of death from coronary heart disease, nonfatal myocardial infarction, fatal or nonfatal ischemic stroke, or unstable angina requiring hospitalization), a lower rate of adjudicated major adverse cardiovascular events was observed in the alirocumab group (27 of 1550 patients [1.7%]) than in the placebo group (26 of 788 patients [3.3%]; hazard ratio, 0.52; 95% confidence interval, 0.31 to 0.90; nominal P=0.02) ( ). The cumulative incidence curves diverged progressively over time (Fig. Discussion In the ODYSSEY LONG TERM trial, the PCSK9 inhibitor alirocumab, as compared with placebo, reduced LDL cholesterol levels by an additional 62 percentage points in high-risk patients when added to statin therapy at the maximum tolerated dose, with or without other lipid-lowering therapy. The effect was consistent over a period of 78 weeks of therapy. The efficacy of alirocumab was similar across various subgroups, including those defined according to the presence or absence of heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia.

There was a reduction of 26 percentage points versus placebo in levels of lipoprotein(a), a finding consistent with that of phase 2 trials. Our findings are similar to those of randomized placebo-controlled or open-label studies of another PCSK9 inhibitor, in which the LDL cholesterol levels decreased by 52 to 57%. Adverse events that occurred more frequently with alirocumab than with placebo included injection-site reactions, myalgia, neurocognitive disorders, and ophthalmologic disorders. Neurocognitive disorders were related primarily to memory. The rare neurologic serious adverse events observed with alirocumab have distinct immunologic or inflammatory causes, so it seems unlikely that they share a common cause such as alirocumab treatment or low LDL cholesterol level. Allergic adverse events observed in the alirocumab group may be related to alirocumab treatment, because allergic reactions have been associated with the use of other monoclonal antibodies. Alirocumab had no untoward effect with respect to the development or exacerbation of diabetes or with respect to levels of aminotransferases or creatine kinase.

The frequency of adverse events was similar among patients who had an LDL cholesterol level of less than 25 mg per deciliter at two consecutive measurements and those who did not. In a post hoc safety analysis, the rate of major adverse cardiovascular events (a composite end point of death from coronary heart disease, nonfatal myocardial infarction, fatal or nonfatal ischemic stroke, or unstable angina requiring hospitalization) was 48% lower among patients who received alirocumab than among those who received placebo during the 80 weeks of follow-up (nominal P=0.02). When all adjudicated cardiovascular events were included (i.e., with the addition of congestive heart failure requiring hospitalization and ischemia-driven coronary revascularization), the difference between groups was not significant.

Several limitations of the study should be noted. First, although the ODYSSEY LONG TERM trial followed patients receiving study-drug therapy for a longer period than most other trials of PCSK9 inhibitors, the duration of follow-up is still relatively short for a treatment for a chronic disease, and longer-term studies will be needed. Second, the usefulness of the neurocognitive findings is limited by the lack of formal neurocognitive testing as part of the study design. Third, the number of cardiovascular events was relatively small, which limits the robustness of these data and the confidence that they are not simply a chance finding.

ODYSSEY OUTCOMES (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01663402) is an ongoing trial that is intended to provide an assessment of the cardiovascular benefit of alirocumab in approximately 18,000 patients over a period of 5 years. In conclusion, in the ODYSSEY LONG TERM trial, 2341 high-risk patients were randomly assigned to either the PCSK9 inhibitor alirocumab or placebo. As compared with placebo, alirocumab reduced LDL cholesterol levels by 62 percentage points at 24 weeks, with a consistent reduction over a period of 78 weeks of treatment. In a post hoc analysis, there was evidence of a reduction in cardiovascular events with alirocumab. Supported by Sanofi and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals.

Robinson reports receiving consulting fees from Amgen, Genentech/Roche, Merck, Pfizer, and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals/Sanofi and grant support through her institution from Amarin, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Daiichi-Sankyo, Eisai, Genentech/Roche, GlaxoSmithKline, Merck, Pfizer, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals/Sanofi, and Zinfandel Pharmaceuticals/Takeda. Farnier reports receiving consulting fees from Amgen, Merck, Sanofi, Abbott, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, AstraZeneca, Roche, Kowa, and Recordati and grant support from Amgen, Merck, and Sanofi. Bergeron reports receiving fees for serving on advisory boards from Amgen and Sanofi. Averna reports receiving advisory board fees from Sanofi. Stroes reports receiving lecture fees from Merck, Amgen, and Torrent Pharmaceuticals.

Langslet reports receiving fees for serving on advisory boards from Amgen, Sanofi-Aventis, and Janssen. Raal reports receiving fees for serving on advisory boards, lecture fees, and travel support from AstraZeneca, Pfizer, Merck, Amgen, and Sanofi and consulting fees from Amgen and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals/Sanofi. Koren reports receiving grant support from Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Sanofi, Roche, and Pfizer. Lepor reports receiving funds for clinical research from Amgen and Pfizer. Lorenzato and Dr. Chaudhari report being employees of and holding stock in Sanofi.

Pordy reports being an employee of and holding stock in Regeneron Pharmaceuticals. Kastelein reports receiving consulting fees from Cerenis Therapeutics, The Medicines Company, CSL Behring, Amgen, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Eli Lilly, Genzyme, Aegerion Pharmaceuticals, Esperion Therapeutics, AstraZeneca, Omthera Pharmaceuticals, ProNova, Vascular Biogenics, Boehringer Ingelheim, Catabasis Pharmaceuticals, AtheroNova, uniQure, Novartis, Merck, Pfizer, Isis Pharmaceuticals, Kowa, and Dezima Pharma. No other potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported. Provided by the authors are available with the full text of this article at NEJM.org. This article was published on March 15, 2015, at NEJM.org. We thank all the study participants and the staff at participating study centers, as well as Bill Sasiela of Regeneron Pharmaceuticals and Jay Edelberg of Sanofi for their comments on a previous version of this manuscript.

References • 1 McKenney JM, Koren MJ, Kereiakes DJ, Hanotin C, Ferrand AC, Stein EA. Safety and efficacy of a monoclonal antibody to proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 serine protease, SAR236553/REGN727, in patients with primary hypercholesterolemia receiving ongoing stable atorvastatin therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol 20-2353 • 2 Roth EM, McKenney JM, Hanotin C, Asset G, Stein EA.

Atorvastatin with or without an antibody to PCSK9 in primary hypercholesterolemia. N Engl J Med 2012;367:1891-1900 • 3 Stein EA, Gipe D, Bergeron J, et al. Effect of a monoclonal antibody to PCSK9, REGN727/SAR236553, to reduce low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia on stable statin dose with or without ezetimibe therapy: a phase 2 randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2012;380:29-36 • 4 Colhoun HM, Robinson JG, Farnier M, et al. Efficacy and safety of alirocumab, a fully human PCSK9 monoclonal antibody, in high cardiovascular risk patients with poorly controlled hypercholesterolemia on maximally tolerated doses of statins: rationale and design of the ODYSSEY COMBO I and II trials. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2014;14:121-121 • 5 Kastelein JJ, Robinson JG, Farnier M, et al. Efficacy and safety of alirocumab in patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia not adequately controlled with current lipid-lowering therapy: design and rationale of the ODYSSEY FH studies.

Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2014;28:281-289 • 6 Moriarty PM, Jacobson TA, Bruckert E, et al. Efficacy and safety of alirocumab, a monoclonal antibody to PCSK9, in statin-intolerant patients: design and rationale of ODYSSEY ALTERNATIVE, a randomized phase 3 trial. J Clin Lipidol 2014;8:554-561 • 7 Robinson JG, Colhoun HM, Bays HE, et al. Efficacy and safety of alirocumab as add-on therapy in high-cardiovascular-risk patients with hypercholesterolemia not adequately controlled with atorvastatin (20 or 40 mg) or rosuvastatin (10 or 20 mg): design and rationale of the ODYSSEY OPTIONS Studies. Clin Cardiol 2014;37:597-604 • 8 Schwartz GG, Bessac L, Berdan LG, et al.

Financial Accounting By Pc Tulsian Pdf Free Download. Effect of alirocumab, a monoclonal antibody to PCSK9, on long-term cardiovascular outcomes following acute coronary syndromes: rationale and design of the ODYSSEY outcomes trial. Am Heart J 2014;168:682-689 • 9 Gaudet D, Kereiakes DJ, McKenney JM, et al.

Effect of alirocumab, a monoclonal proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin 9 antibody, on lipoprotein(a) concentrations (a pooled analysis of 150 mg every two weeks dosing from phase 2 trials). Am J Cardiol 2014;114:711-715 • 10 Blom DJ, Hala T, Bolognese M, et al. A 52-week placebo-controlled trial of evolocumab in hyperlipidemia. N Engl J Med 2014;370:1809-1819 • 11 Koren MJ, Giugliano RP, Raal FJ, et al. Efficacy and safety of longer-term administration of evolocumab (AMG 145) in patients with hypercholesterolemia: 52-week results from the Open-Label Study of Long-Term Evaluation Against LDL-C (OSLER) randomized trial.

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