Anterior Anatomy And The Science Of A Natural Smile
Contents • • • • • • • • • • • • Structure [ ] The gums are part of the lining of the mouth. They surround the teeth and provide a seal around them. Unlike the soft tissue linings of the lips and cheeks, most of the gums are tightly bound to the underlying bone which helps resist the friction of food passing over them. Thus when healthy, it presents an effective barrier to the barrage of periodontal insults to deeper tissue. Healthy gums are usually coral pink in light skinned people, but may be naturally darker with melanin pigmentation.
Changes in color, particularly increased redness, together with swelling and an increased tendency to bleed, suggest an that is possibly due to the accumulation of. Overall, the clinical appearance of the tissue reflects the underlying histology, both in health and disease. When gum tissue is not healthy, it can provide a gateway for periodontal disease to advance into the deeper tissue of the, leading to a poorer prognosis for long-term retention of the teeth. Both the type of periodontal therapy and homecare instructions given to patients by dental professionals and restorative care are based on the clinical conditions of the tissue.
This is the introduction to the Anterior Anatomy and the Science of a Natural Smile program. This program covers anterior anatomy and the 10 fundamentals that when known and fully understood allow dental technicians to create and control the complex features of a natural smile in porcelain ceramic dental restorations. Direct resins in the anterior dentition can produce functional, highly aesthetic long lasting restorations, which are conservative of tooth structure.
A diagram of the periodontium. The of the is covered by (A). The root of the tooth is covered. G, gingival sulcus. Download Free Spiderman Friend Or Foe Iso Pcs.
I, alveolar crest fibers of the (PDL). J, horizontal fibers of the PDL.
K, oblique fibers of the PDL. The gums are divided anatomically into marginal, attached and interdental areas. Marginal gums [ ] The marginal gum is the edge of the gums surrounding the teeth in collar-like fashion.
In about half of individuals, it is demarcated from the adjacent, attached gums by a shallow linear depression, the free gingival groove. This slight depression on the outer surface of the gum does not correspond to the depth of the gingival sulcus but instead to the apical border of the junctional epithelium. This outer groove varies in depth according to the area of the oral cavity; the groove is very prominent on mandibular anteriors and premolars. The marginal gum varies in width from 0.5 to 2.0 mm from the free gingival crest to the attached gingiva. The marginal gingiva follows the scalloped pattern established by the contour of the (CEJ) of the teeth. The marginal gingiva has a more translucent appearance than the attached gingiva, yet has a similar clinical appearance, including pinkness, dullness, and firmness.
In contrast, the marginal gingiva lacks the presence of stippling, and the tissue is mobile or free from the underlying tooth surface, as can be demonstrated with a periodontal probe. The marginal gingiva is stabilized by the that have no bony support. The gingival margin, or free gingival crest, at the most superficial part of the marginal gingiva, is also easily seen clinically, and its location should be recorded on a patient’s chart.
Attached gum [ ] The attached gums are continuous with the marginal gum. It is firm, resilient, and tightly bound to the underlying periosteum of alveolar bone. The facial aspect of the attached gum extends to the relatively loose and movable, from which it is demarcated by the.
Attached gum may present with. The tissue when dried is dull, firm, and immobile, with varying amounts of stippling.
The width of the attached gum varies according to its location. The width of the attached gum on the facial aspect differs in different areas of the mouth. It is generally greatest in the incisor region (3.5 to 4.5 mm in the maxilla and 3.3 to 3.9 mm in the mandible) and less in the posterior segments, with the least width in the first premolar area (1.9 mm in the maxilla and 1.8 mm in the mandible).
However, certain levels of attached gum may be necessary for the stability of the underlying root of the tooth. Interdental gum [ ] The interdental gum lies between the teeth. They occupy the gingival, which is the interproximal space beneath the area of tooth contact. The can be pyramidal or have a ' shape.
Attached gums are resistant to the forces of and covered in. The col varies in depth and width, depending on the expanse of the contacting tooth surfaces. The covering the col consists of the marginal gum of the adjacent teeth, except that it is nonkeratinized. It is mainly present in the broad interdental gingiva of the posterior teeth, and generally is not present with those interproximal tissue associated with anterior teeth because the latter tissue is narrower. In the absence of contact between adjacent teeth, the attached gum extends uninterrupted from the facial to the lingual aspect. The col may be important in the formation of periodontal disease but is visible clinically only when teeth are extracted. Interdental Areas It is the part of gum which extends in between two teeth up to the contact point. Splinter Cell Blacklist Dlc Unlocker Download more. There is a facial side interdental papilla and a lingual side interdental papilla.Interdental papilla has a summit and margins that are concave.The tip and the margins are unattached and the central portion attached.In inflammations the interdental papilla loses its concavity.
Characteristics of healthy gums [ ] Color [ ]. Natural 'coral pink' gums Healthy gums usually have a color that has been described as 'coral pink.' Other colours like red, white, and blue can signify inflammation () or pathology. Although described as the colour coral pink, variation in colour is possible.
This can be the result of factors such as: thickness and degree of keratinization of the, blood flow to the gums, natural pigmentation, disease and medications. Since the colour of the gums can vary, uniformity of colour is more important than the underlying color itself. Excess deposits of melanin can cause dark spots or patches on the gums (melanin gingival ), especially at the base of the interdental papillae. (aka gum bleaching) is a procedure used in cosmetic dentistry to remove these discolorations. Contour [ ] Healthy gums has a smooth curved or scalloped appearance around each tooth.
Healthy gums fill and fit each space between the teeth, unlike the swollen gum papilla seen in gingivitis or the empty interdental seen in periodontal disease. Healthy gums hold tight to each tooth in that the gum surface narrows to 'knife-edge' thin at the. On the other hand, inflamed gums have a 'puffy' or 'rolled' margin. Texture [ ] Healthy gums have a firm texture that is resistant to movement, and the surface texture often exhibits. Unhealthy gums, on the other hand, is often swollen and less firm. Healthy gums have an orange-peel like texture to it due to the stippling. Reaction to disturbance [ ] Healthy gums usually have no reaction to normal disturbance such as brushing.
Unhealthy gums, conversely, will show (BOP) and/or. Clinical significance [ ] The gingival cavity, fueled by food residues and saliva, can support the growth of many microorganisms, of which some can be injurious to health. Improper or insufficient can thus lead to many gum and periodontal disorders, including or periodontitis, which are major causes for tooth failure.
Recent studies have also shown that are also closely associated with requiring a gingivectomy for many cases. Is when there is an apical movement of the gum margin away from the biting (occlusal) surface. It may indicate an underlying inflammation such as or, a pocket formation, or displacement of the away from the tooth by mechanical (such as brushing), chemical, or surgical means. Gingival retraction, in turn, may expose the dental neck and leave it vulnerable to the action of external stimuli, and may cause root sensitivity. See also [ ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to.
“ Abbeville, 1 st Nov. “ My dear Prestwich,—As the weather continued fine, I determined on coming here to see Boucher de Perthes' collection. I advised him of my intention from London, and my note luckily found him in the neighbourhood. He good-naturedly came in to receive me, and I have been richly rewarded.
His collection of wrought flint implements, and of the objects of every description associated with them, far exceeds anything I expected to have seen, especially from a single locality. He had made great additions since the publication of his first volume, in the second—which I have now by me. He showed me “flint” hatchets which he had dug up with his own hands mixed indiscriminately with the molars of E. I examined and identified plates of the molars—and the flint objects, which were got along with them. Abbeville is an out-of-the-way place, very little visited, and the French savants, who meet him in Paris, laugh at Monsieur de Perthes and his researches.
Royal Soc., vol. 2 This only refers to the large worked haches. On his first visit to Menchecourt, the day after his arrival at Abbeville, he was fortunate enough to obtain, in one excavation he had made to a depth of about 20 feet beneath the surface, several fine flint flakes with large bulbs of percussion, in a bed with abundant remains of the mammoth and other extinct mammalia. 3 Subsequently, Mr Prestwich was summoned by a telegram from Paris, to which he responded by going to St Acheul and finding an implement in situ. “At Abbeville the author was much struck with the extent of M. Boucher de Perthes' collection. There were many forms of flints in which he, however, failed to see traces of design or work, and which he should only consider as accidental; but with regard to those flint-instruments termed 'axes' (haches) by M.
De Perthes, he entertains not the slightest doubt of their artificial make. They are of two forms, generally from 4 to 10 inches long. And were the work of a people probably unacquainted with the use of metals.
The author was not fortunate enough to find any specimens himself; 2 but from the experience of M. De Perthes, and the evidence of the workmen, as well as from the condition of the specimens themselves, he is fully satisfied of the correctness of that gentleman's opinion, that they there also occur in beds of undisturbed sand and gravel. 3 “With regard to the geological age of these beds, the author refers them to those usually designated post-pliocene (Pleistocene), and notices their agreement with many beds of that age in England.” Finally, Mr Prestwich stated that he.
“Purposely abstained for the present from all theoretical considerations, confining himself to the corroboration of the facts:— 1. That the flint implements are the work of man 2. That they were found in undisturbed ground. That they are associated with the remains of extinct Mammalia. That the period was a late geological one, and anterior to the surface assuming its present outline, so far as some of its minor features are concerned. “He does not, however, consider that the facts, as they at present stand, of necessity carry back Man in past time more than they bring forward the great extinct Mammals towards our own time, the evidence having reference only to relative and not to absolute time; and he is of opinion that many of the later geological changes may have been sudden, or of shorter duration than generally considered. In fact, from the evidence here exhibited, and from all that he knows regarding drift phenomena [p.946] generally, the author sees no reason against the conclusion that this period of Man and the extinct Mammalia—supposing their cotemporaneity to be proved—was brought to a sudden end by a temporary inundation of the land: on the contrary, he sees much to support such a view on purely geological considerations.” The effect produced by this paper was very great.
Before writing it, Mr Prestwich had been joined by Mr (now Sir John) Evans, and together they had examined the flints and gravels of Amiens and Abbeville. Both being experts in different departments—one from his practical knowledge of geology, especially of the more recent deposits, and the other holding the foremost rank in archaeology—their joint opinion carried great weight. Thus when their belief became public, that M.
De Perthes had made an important discovery, and that a large proportion of the flint implements in his collection were what he had claimed them to be, men of science on both sides of the Channel cast away their doubts and unbelief, and the Valley of the Somme became at once the shrine for many a scientific pilgrimage. No longer had M. De Perthes occasion to bewail in bitterness of spirit the roughness of the road of science; his labour of years was recognised, and a sudden revolution effected in his favour.
His letters of this date, especially those addressed to Dr Falconer and to Mr Prestwich, are expressive of the most lively satisfaction and gratitude. In the same year we read of another visit by the latter to this flint-bearing district, accompanied by Messrs Godwin-Austen, J. Flower, and R.
Mylne, followed by one from Sir Charles Lyell. Then again, in 1860, Mr Prestwich led a party of his personal friends there, including Mr Busk, Captain (Sir Douglas) Galton, and Sir John Lubbock (Lord Avebury). A host of geologists and others followed on the same errand, amongst whose names we note those of Sir Roderick Murchison, Professors Ramsay, Rupert Jones, Henslow, Rogers, and Mr Henry Christy. That cold November day spent by Hugh Falconer in examining the collection of flints and stones and bones had had far-reaching results.
Nor did French savants remain longer unconvinced. Mr Prestwich, satisfied by the success of his paper to the Royal Society, addressed a letter to the French Academy of Sciences, urging the significance of M. De Perthes' discoveries. The effect of this communication was that M. Gaudry, a distinguished member of the Institute, visited Abbeville and Amiens to examine the implements and the flint-bearing beds. He found several worked flints in situ, and his researches confirmed M.
De Perthes' statements: his report had the effect in Paris that the paper to the Royal Society had in England, and a French pilgrimage to the valley of the Somme began, headed by well-known members of the Institute, among whom were MM. De Quatrefages, Lartet, Hebert, and many others. Our antiquarian of Abbeville was now a proud and happy man, and if he did see the attacks of one or two adverse critics in England, who stigmatised him as “that amiable fanatic,” he heeded them not: he could afford to smile at such criticisms.
One cannot resist giving a quotation from a humorous note of Dr Falconer's. It is dated about a year after that first visit to Abbeville:—. “London, 4 th Nov. My dear Prestwich,—I have a charming letter from M.
Boucher de [p.947] Perthes—full of gratitude to 'Perfide Albion' for helping him to assured immortality, and giving him a lift when his countrymen of the Institute left him in the gutter. He radiates a benignant smile from his lofty pinnacle—on you and me—surprised that the treacherous Leopard should have behaved so well.” But although M. De Perthes had thus achieved the ambition of his life, and had been spared to see recognised the importance and value of his collection of the works of primitive man, he had again to experience the “stony roughness of the road of science.” In his remarkable collection there was a certain admixture of very carefully worked specimens, in the authenticity of which he himself blindly believed, but which his English friends at once pointed out and unhesitatingly condemned as spurious. There can be little doubt but that certain of the workmen were dishonest; and lured on by the awards held out to them for every implement found, they thought to do business on their own account, and secretly started a manufactory of their own. These modern imitators copied the implements with considerable exactness, declaring to our antiquarian of Abbeville that with their own hands they had dug them out of the gravel. These forgeries were really deceptive in form and make, but experts were not slow to detect the absence of patina or vitreous glaze, that “varnish of antiquity,” and the staining which are characteristic of old palaeolithic implements, and which the workmen had not been able to reproduce. But the culminating interest in the later years of the life of M.
De Perthes was his asserted discovery of a “human jaw” with flint haches in the couche noire of the gravel-pit of Moulin Quignon. The authenticity of this jaw, which he firmly believed to be of the same age as the accepted palaeolithic implements, was generally questioned, in face of his asseveration of having extricated it with his own hands on the 28th of March 1863. During all these years of excavations in the gravels, remains of man himself had been carefully looked for, yet never found, and this was the first occasion on which a human bone had come to light. This asserted discovery excited the most lively interest on both sides of the Channel. Dr Falconer at first had been inclined to believe in the remote age of the jaw, but the “deliberate scrutiny” of the materials which he had carried away from Abbeville compelled him to alter his opinion. To quote his words:—. : In science it often happens that scientists say, 'You know that's a really good argument; my position is mistaken,' and then they would actually change their minds and you never hear that old view from them again.
They really do it. It doesn't happen as often as it should, because scientists are human and change is sometimes painful. But it happens every day.
I cannot recall the last time something like that happened in politics or religion. (1987).: I used to wonder how it comes about that the electron is negative. Negative-positive—these are perfectly symmetric in physics. There is no reason whatever to prefer one to the other. Then why is the electron negative?
I thought about this for a long time and at last all I could think was “It won the fight!”.: It is the facts that matter, not the proofs. Physics can progress without the proofs, but we can't go on without the facts. If the facts are right, then the proofs are a matter of playing around with the algebra correctly.