English Accents And Dialects Hughes Trudgill Pdf Download
• • • The spoken and written in encompasses a diverse range of accents and dialects. The dialect forms part of the broader, along with other varieties in the. Terms used to refer to the English language spoken and written in England include: English English, Anglo-English and British English in England.
The related term 'British English' (which in American English is often used to mean English English and Anglo-English ) has many ambiguities and tensions in the word 'British' and as a result can be used and interpreted multiple ways, but is usually reserved to describe the features common to English English, and (England, and are the three traditional on the island of; the main dialect of the fourth,, is, which is generally considered a sub-dialect of ). Main article: The West Country dialects accents are the English and used by much of the indigenous population of, the area popularly known as the. This region encompasses,,, and, while, and are usually also included, although the northern and eastern boundaries of the area are hard to define and sometimes even wider areas are encompassed. The West Country accent is said to reflect the pronunciation of the far better than other modern English Dialects.
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In the nearby counties of,, and the, it was possible to encounter comparable accents and, indeed, distinct local dialects until perhaps the 1960s. There is now limited use of such dialects amongst older people in local areas. Although natives of such locations, especially in western parts, can still have West Country influences in their speech, the increased mobility and of the population have meant that local Berkshire, Oxfordshire, Hampshire and Isle of Wight dialects (as opposed to accents) are today essentially extinct. Academically the regional variations are considered to be dialectal forms.
The captured manners of speech across the West Country that were just as different from Standard English as anything from the far North. Close proximity has completely different languages such as, which is a related to, and more closely to. East Anglia [ ] Norfolk [ ] The is spoken in the traditional county of Norfolk and areas of north Suffolk.
Famous speakers include Keith Skipper. The group (Friends of Norfolk Dialect) was formed to record the county's dialect and to provide advice for TV companies using the dialect in productions. East Anglian dialect is also spoken in areas of Cambridgeshire. It is characterised by the use of [ei] for /iː/ in FLEECE words. Midlands [ ] • As in the North, Midlands accents generally do not use a, so that cast is pronounced [kast] rather than the [kɑːst] pronunciation of most southern accents.
The northern limit of the [ɑː] in many words crosses England from mid- to, passing just south of. • Midlands speech also generally uses the northern short U, so putt is pronounced the same as put. The southern limit of this pronunciation also crosses from mid-Shropshire to the Wash, but dipping further south to the northern part of.
[ ] • The West Midlands accent is often described as having a pronounced nasal quality, the accent much less so. • Old and cold may be pronounced as 'owd' and 'cowd' (rhyming with 'loud' in the West Midlands and 'ode' in the East Midlands), and in the northern Midlands home can become 'wom'. • Whether Derbyshire should be classed as the West or East Midlands in terms of dialect is debatable., a dialect expert, said in 1985 that it was more like the West Midlands, but it is often grouped with the East and is part of the. •, although part of the North-West region, is usually grouped the Midlands for the purpose of accent and dialect. West Midlands [ ] • The best known accents in the West Midlands area are the accents (see ') and the ( Yam Yam). • There is no.
Cases of the spelling -ing are pronounced as [ɪŋɡ] rather than [ɪŋ]. Wells noted that there were no exceptions to this rule in Stoke-on-Trent, whereas there were for other areas with the [ɪŋɡ] pronunciation, such as Liverpool. • Dialect verbs are used, for example am for are, ay for is not (related to ain't), bay for are not, bin for am or, emphatically, for are.
Hence the following joke dialogue about bay windows: 'What sort of windas am them?' 'They'm bay windas.' 'Well if they bay windas wot bin them?' There is also humour to be derived from the shop-owner's sign of Mr. Wright' (that is, 'He ay [isn't] right,' a phrase implying someone is saft [soft] in the jed [head]).
Saft also may mean silly as in, 'Stop bein' so saft'. • The Birmingham and accents are distinct, even though the cities are only 19 miles/30 km apart. Coventry being closer to an East Midlands accent. [ ] • Around, the short i can sometimes sound rather like ee, as very obvious when hearing a local say it, however this is not always the case as most other words such as 'miss' or 'tip' are still pronounced as normal.
The Potteries accent is perhaps the most distinctly 'northern' of the West Midlands accents, given that the urban area around Stoke-on-Trent is close to the border. • and parts of and have a [ ] somewhat like the West Country, and in some parts mixing with the, particularly when closer to the English/ border. Ioncube Decoder Online.
East Midlands [ ] • accents are generally, instead drawing out their vowels, resulting in the Midlands Drawl, which can to non-natives be mistaken for dry. [ ] • The PRICE vowel has a very far back starting-point, and can be realised as [ɑɪ]. •, as in East Anglia, can be found in some areas [ ], for example new as /nuː/, sounding like 'noo'. • The u vowel of words like strut is often [ʊ], with no distinction between putt and put. In Lincolnshire, such sounds are even shorter than in the North. • In, words with short vowels such as up and last have a northern pronunciation, whereas words with vowels such as down and road sound rather more like a south-eastern accent.
The vowel sound at the end of words like border (and the name of the city) is also a distinctive feature. • In north ee and oo found in short words is pronounced as two syllables, for example feet being [ˈfijəʔ], sounding like 'fee-yut' (and also in this case ending with a ), and food being [ˈfuwəd] ( foo-wud). [ ] • also has a marked north–south split in terms of accent. The north shares many features with Yorkshire, such as the open a sound in 'car' and 'park' or the replacement of take and make with tek and mek. The south of Lincolnshire is close to Received Pronunciation, although it still has a short Northern a in words such as bath. • Mixing of the words was and were when the other is used in Standard English.
• In, crossed by the North-South, residents of the north of the county have an accent similar to that of and those in the south an accent similar to rural. • The town of in northern has an accent with some originally Scottish features, apparently due to immigration of Scottish steelworkers.
It is common in Corby for the GOAT set of words to be pronounced with /oː/. This pronunciation is used across Scotland and most of Northern England, but Corby is alone in the Midlands in using it. Northern England [ ].
Main article: The Liverpool accent, known as Scouse colloquially, is quite different from the accent of surrounding Lancashire. This is because Liverpool has had many immigrants in recent centuries, particularly of.
Irish influences on Scouse speech include the pronunciation of unstressed 'my' as 'me', and the pronunciation of 'th' sounds like 't' or 'd' (although they remain distinct as dental /t̪/ /d̪/). Other features include the pronunciation of non-initial /k/ as [x], and the pronunciation of 'r' as a tap /ɾ/. Yorkshire [ ]. Main article: is one of the few classic works of English literature to contain a substantial amount of dialect. Set in, the servant Joseph speaks in the traditional dialect of the area, which many modern readers struggle to understand. This dialect was still spoken around Haworth until the late 1970s, but there is now only a minority of it still in everyday use. To hear this old dialect spoken it is necessary to attend a cattle market at Skipton, Otley, Settle or similar places where older farmers from deep in the dales can be heard speaking in what can be baffling dialect to many southerners.
Teesside [ ] The accents for are sometimes grouped with Yorkshire and sometimes grouped with the North-East of England, for they share characteristics with both. As this urban area grew in the early 20th century, there are fewer dialect words that date back to older forms of English; Teesside speak is the sort of modern dialect that Peter Trudgill identified in his 'The Dialects of England'. There is a Lower Tees Dialect group. A recent study found that most people from Middlesbrough do not consider their accent to be 'Yorkshire', but that they are less hostile to being grouped with Yorkshire than to being grouped with the Geordie accent. Intriguingly, speakers from Middlesbrough are occasionally mistaken for speakers from as they share many of the same characteristics. It is thought the occasional similarities between the Middlesbrough and Liverpool accent may be due to the high number of Irish migration to both areas during the late 1900's in fact the 1871 census showed Middlesbrough had the second highest proportion of people from Ireland after Liverpool. Some examples of traits that are shared with [most parts of] Yorkshire include: • H-dropping.
• An /aː/ sound in words such as start, car, park, etc. • In common with the east coast of Yorkshire, words such as bird, first, nurse, etc. Have an [ɛː] sound. It can be written as, baird, fairst, nairse'. [This vowel sound also occurs in Liverpool and Birkenhead]. Examples of traits shared with the North-East include: • Absence of.
• Glottal stops for /k/, /p/ and /t/ can all occur. The vowel in 'goat' is an /oː/ sound, as is found in both Durham and rural North Yorkshire.
In common with this area of the country, Middlesbrough is a non-rhotic accent. The vowel in 'face' is pronounced as /eː/, as is commonplace in the North-East of England. Lancashire [ ]. Main articles: and • People from the peninsula in south Cumbria tend to have a more Lancashire-orientated accent, whilst the dialect of itself is a result of migration from the likes of and. Barrow grew on the industry during the 19th and 20th centuries, and many families moved from these already well established shipbuilding towns to seek employment in Barrow. North-East England [ ] • Dialects in this region are often known as (for speakers from the area) or (for speakers from the area).
Shortcut Romeo Full Movie Download In 300mb. The dialects across the region are broadly similar however some differences do exist. For example, with words ending -re/-er, such as culture and father, the end syllable is pronounced by a Newcastle native as a short 'a', such as in 'fat' and 'back', therefore producing 'cultcha' and 'fatha' for 'culture' and 'father' respectively. The Sunderland area would pronounce the syllable much more closely to that of other accents.
Similarly, Geordies pronounce 'make' in line with standard English: to rhyme with take. However, a Mackem would pronounce 'make' to rhyme with 'mack' or 'tack' (hence the origin of the term Mackem). For other differences, see the respective articles. For an explanation of the traditional dialects of the mining areas of and Northumberland see. • A feature of the North East accent, shared with and, is the pronunciation of the consonant cluster -lm in coda position.
As an example, 'film' is pronounced as 'fillum'. Another of these features which are shared with is the use of the word 'Aye', pronounced like 'I', its meaning is yes. Examples of accents used by public figures [ ].
This section does not any. Unsourced material may be challenged and. (May 2010) () • (RP): 's accent has changed slightly over the years but she still speaks a conservative form of RP., and the films are examples of old-fashioned RP, whereas,, and are examples of contemporary RP. • (a southern rural accent): poet is from, which belonged to Berkshire until the boundary changes of 1974; comedian is from. • (): the rock musician (although he sometimes Americanises his speech), and. See for more examples.
•: Professor of the project, comedy writer, actor, radio DJ and director. Presenter and Comedian. •: the actor, in the films and. Singer-songwriter, lead vocalist with.
•:, ruralist • (a southern rural accent): the late, sports presenter and gardener. •: comedian and writer •: comedian, McFly singer and guitarist and DJ as well as have degrees of broad Bolton accents. The actress,, has a Rochdale accent, which is similar to the western fringe of Yorkshire and she has featured mostly in Yorkshire dramas., and, actresses in the soap opera, have East Lancashire accents which have a slightly different intonation and rhythm and also feature clear. •: The band have Leicester accents.
•: listen to old recordings by,,, and (although many of these contain affected patterns). For a clear example, see actor (Eliza Doolittle's father in ),. •: the actors,. Has quite an old-fashioned Cockney accent, and his replacement of an initial /r/ with a /w/ has been stigmatised. More examples can be heard in the movies and.
The had Cockney accents, with having the strongest. •: used by and many musicians, it is a variant of the London regional accent characterised by a non-standard mixture of linguistic and characteristics. • West London: the journalist. •: athlete, the model (Katie Price). •: members and,, actor, broadcaster/podcaster, physicist. • • (): Liverpool footballers and are often cited as having particularly strong scouse accents.
[ ] Recordings by ('s accent was the strongest of the four),,. Also the singer and the actors and.
The British soap was set in Liverpool so the majority of the cast, including Philip Olivier and, had scouse accents. The comedy band sing in a traditional rhotic St Helens accent. •: Comedian and TV presenter alias is from, pop singer of is from the.
•: actor, bands and. • or: pop star, TV presenter, ex pop star and TV presenter has a strong Potteries accent. • (): the accent of the rock group is easily detected on recordings and live performances and ex-footballer.
• (): former Cabinet members MP and MP, the actors and, the footballer, actor and singer, rock singer, television personalities,,. Singer of fame has a strong Newcastle accent. •: was set in Oxfordshire, and many of the characters had West Country accents. [ ] •:, presenter of. •: •: in the 1969 film, the lead characters, and Freddie Fletcher, both have very broad accents, which are less likely to be heard nowadays. Actress, Sam Nixon from Pop Idol 2003, Top of the Pops Saturday and Reloaded and Level Up also has a Barnsley accent. Also, chat show host and ex-union leader have slightly reduced Barnsley accents.
•: singers, of and of. In, Bob has a Bradford accent whilst Rita and Sue sound more like Lancashire. •: cricketer has an accent similar to those found in many old coal-mining towns •: Actors and of and Sallis in (although Sallis himself is a Londoner) •: of the and who plays in, singer, the band, model, actress, Radio DJ, Comedian alias •, singer and actress, actress, actor,, the band •: the film •: Ken Loach's 1977 film was filmed almost entirely in the traditional dialect of the Sheffield-Rotherham area, but this variety of speech is receding. For examples of less marked Sheffield speech, see, the band, the film and the band.
Regional English accents in the media [ ] has had characters with a variety of different West Country accents (see ). The shows of and have often included a variety of regional accents, the most notable being about men in Germany. Featured London and Cumberland accents, and featured north east England. The programmes of such as and featured accents. In the 2005 version of the programme, various Londoners wonder why the ( ), an alien, sounds as if he comes from the North. Eccleston used his own accent in the role; the [ ] usual response is 'Lots of planets have a North!' Other accents in the same series include Cockney (used by actress ) and Estuary (used by actress ).
A television reality programme was set in Suffolk in its second series, providing lots of examples of the Suffolk dialect. See also [ ].
Official region, approximately co-extensive with areas where 'West Country' dialects are spoken West Country English is one of the and used by much of the native population of, the area sometimes popularly known as the. The West Country is often defined as encompassing the counties of,,,,, the and; even and are sometimes also included. However, the northern and eastern boundaries of the area are hard to define. In adjacent counties of,, the and it is possible to encounter similar accents and, indeed, much the same distinct dialect but with some similarities to others in neighbouring regions. Although natives of such locations, especially in rural parts, can still have West Country influences in their speech, the increased mobility and of the population have meant that in Berkshire, Hampshire (including the Isle of Wight), and Oxfordshire the dialect itself, as opposed to various local accents, is becoming increasingly rare. Academically the regional variations are considered to be dialectal forms. The captured manners of speech across the South West region that were just as different from Standard English as anything from the far North of England.
There is some influence from the and languages depending on the specific location. This article may require to meet Wikipedia's. The specific problem is: ', the last native Cornish speaker dies in in 1676' -- What has this to do with literature and English? Please help if you can. (October 2017) () In literary terms, most of the usage has been in either poetry or dialogue, to add 'local colour'.
It has rarely been used for serious prose in recent times, but was used much more extensively up until the 19th century. West Country dialects are commonly represented as ', a kind of catchall southern accent invented for broadcasting. Early period [ ] • The dialect was the standard literary language of later England, and consequently the majority of, including the epic poem and the poetic Biblical paraphrase, is preserved in West Saxon dialect, though not all of it was originally written in West Saxon. • In the period (13th century) is a notable example of a work in the dialect. • The (and ) descended from the ancient (Brythonic/Brittonic) that was spoken all over what is now the West Country until the West Saxons conquered and settled most of the area. The Cornish language throughout much of the High Middle Ages was not just the vernacular but the prestigious language in Cornwall among all classes, but was also spoken in large areas of Devon well after the Norman conquest.
Cornish began to decline after the Late Middle Ages with English expanding westwards, and after the, suffered terminal decline, dying out in the 18th century. (Its existence today is a ).
17th century [ ] • In, Edgar speaks in the West Country dialect, as one of his various personae. • Both and were noted at the Court of for their strong Devon accents •, the last native Cornish speaker, dies in in 1676 18th century [ ] • (1749) by, set in, again mainly dialogue. Considered one of the first true English novels. 19th century [ ] • ' Dorset dialect poetry (1801–1886). • (1831–1894), author of many stories written in the local dialect of the county of Cornwall and a number of other works • 's (1815–1882) series of books (1855–1867) also use some in dialogue.
• The novels of (1840–1928) often use the dialect in dialogue, notably (1891). • Wiltshire Rhymes and Tales in the Wiltshire Dialect (1894) containing The Wiltshire Moonrakers by Edward Slow • The operetta is set in the fictional village of Ploverleigh in Somerset. Some dialogue and song lyrics, especially for the chorus, are a phonetic approximation of West Country speech. And Ruddigore are also set in Cornwall. • a farmer from, records the native Cornish language. According to Blackmore, he relied on a 'phonogogic' style for his characters' speech, emphasizing their accents and word formation.
He expended great effort, in all of his novels, on his characters' dialogues and dialects, striving to recount realistically not only the ways, but also the tones and accents, in which thoughts and utterances were formed by the various sorts of people who lived in the. 20th century [ ] • Several Pages of 'Folk-Speech of Zummerzet' in. • (1933) by (1872–1963) / contains dialogue written in imitation of the local Somerset dialect. • 's (1914–1997), works such as (1959), portray a somewhat idealised childhood in the area. • 's, which features the title character's girlfriend's dialect, and which has sometimes been criticised for being too stereotypical. • 's is a television play about children in the during the Second World War. The dialogue is written in the style of the Forest dialect.
• The songs of (from, died 1974) were famous for their West Country dialect, sung in a strong accent. His legacy lives on in the present day and other so-called ' artists. • The folk group perform songs composed in the dialect of Dorset (they originate from ). •, lead singer with the group, has a pronounced accent. Although more noticeable in his speech, his accent may also be heard in some of his singing. • 's novels feature, a character who has a West Country accent similar to that of.
History and origins [ ] Until the 19th century, the and its dialects were largely protected from outside influences, due to its relative geographical isolation. While standard English derives from the, the West Country dialects derive from the, which formed the earliest English language standard.
Claimed in 1856 that, due to its position at the heart of the Kingdom of Wessex, the relics of Anglo-Saxon accent, idiom and vocabulary were best preserved in the Somerset dialect. — Anonymous editorial, Bristol Post, 7 August 2008 As is the case with all of England's regional accents and dialects, increased mobility and communication during the 20th century seem to have strengthened the influence of Standard English throughout England (much less so in Scotland), particularly amongst the younger generations. The BBC Voices series also found that many people throughout Britain felt that this was leading to a 'dilution' or even loss of regional accents and dialects. In the case of the West Country however, it seems that also social stigma has for a long time contributed to this process.